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Analysis: Development of Dry Mechanization in Food Origin

China's grain drying mechanization level is still relatively low, and this is not just due to economic or technological limitations. A major issue lies in the widespread misunderstanding surrounding the necessity of mechanized grain drying. First, many believe that because China has a large population and limited arable land, farmers operate on small scales with low incomes, making mechanical drying unnecessary. However, mechanized drying is essential for stabilizing grain production and reducing losses from mold, spoilage, and spillage. In China’s grain-producing regions, especially in the south, rainy weather during harvest seasons often results in high moisture content—up to 24%–35%. According to expert estimates, these conditions lead to significant losses, with annual losses reaching up to 30 billion to 60 billion yuan. In contrast, countries like Japan and the U.S. have over 95% mechanization in grain drying, with post-harvest losses below 1%. China currently has fewer than 20,000 dryers, most of which are used for special products, resulting in a mechanization rate of less than 1%. This lack of mechanization has led to a decline in self-sufficiency, with grain imports increasing significantly. Another misconception is that natural drying is better than mechanical drying. In reality, the quality of rice varies greatly depending on drying time. For example, in Japan, rice with 24% moisture left to dry for 10 hours can only be used as feed, while high-quality rice commands much higher prices. Similarly, in Taiwan, rice is priced five to six times higher than in China. Current standards in China penalize excess moisture, leading to price reductions for farmers. Mechanical drying, on the other hand, ensures grains meet national storage standards, improves quality, increases market value by 5%–20%, and reduces labor and space requirements. It also minimizes soil contamination, enhances safety, and supports sustainable farming practices. Some argue that mechanical drying requires high investment and is too costly for farmers. However, while initial costs range from 100,000 to several million yuan, the payback period is typically 3–6 years. When considering long-term benefits such as reduced spoilage and improved efficiency, the return on investment is actually quite favorable. Moreover, when comparing total costs—including losses from natural drying—the cost of mechanical drying is often lower. Lastly, there is a lack of proper configuration and management of drying equipment. Some devices are poorly designed, others are not suitable for local conditions, and some are misused or improperly maintained. A complete system should include not only the main dryer but also moisture sensors, weighing systems, and storage facilities to ensure optimal performance. Currently, China faces both opportunities and challenges. Government policies now support mechanization, with subsidies, tax incentives, and promotional efforts. Agricultural industrialization and the growth of cooperatives and service organizations further drive demand. However, farmers’ low income, weak purchasing power, and lack of technical knowledge remain barriers. Additionally, the quality of available drying equipment varies, and some products are unreliable or poorly tested. To address these issues, governments must plan strategically, promote demonstration projects, and provide training and after-sales support. Equipment selection should focus on adaptability, multi-functionality, and efficiency, with options tailored to local energy sources and production scale. Business models such as professional drying services, cooperative storage banks, and integrated processing centers can help maximize the use of mechanized drying systems, improve efficiency, and increase farmer incomes. In summary, overcoming misconceptions and improving infrastructure will be key to advancing grain drying mechanization in China, ensuring food security, and enhancing agricultural competitiveness on a global scale.

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