Drying processes can be broadly categorized into two main types. The first involves maintaining the original shape of the raw material during drying, such as in food dehydration or the drying of building materials. The second type is used for liquids, sludge, lumps, and powders, where the goal is to convert them into a granular or powdered form. Each type has specific requirements regarding the drying process and the final product quality.
In real-world applications, the materials to be dried come in various forms—blocks, strips, granules, pastes, solutions, and slurries. The initial state of the material directly influences the choice of drying equipment. Therefore, selecting the right equipment depends on the characteristics of the feed material. Additionally, feeding and discharging in drying systems present technical challenges, with many aspects still relying on practical experience. From an economic perspective, the scale of the operation also plays a key role in determining the most suitable drying system.
For liquid, slurry, and paste materials, conductive heat transfer equipment is typically preferred due to its high thermal efficiency and solvent recovery capabilities. In continuous batch processing, spray drying and fluidized bed multi-stage drying are ideal. For small-scale operations, drum dryers, vacuum belt dryers, or inert gas fluidized bed dryers may be more appropriate. Paste materials can benefit from air drying, stirred rotary drying, or ventilated belt drying in continuous processes, while small batches might use stirring cylinders or vented box dryers.
Convection-conduction heat transfer equipment is best suited for flake, granular, and powder materials. These systems offer high drying rates and lower initial investment, though they tend to have lower thermal efficiency. For large-scale continuous processing of sheet-like materials, belt ventilation or rotary ventilation drying is recommended. Small batches may use box-type ventilation or vacuum cylinder mixing drying. Granular materials in large-scale operations often use belt, rotary, or fluidized bed drying, while smaller quantities may opt for fluidized bed, tank stirring, or conical rotary dryers. Powdered materials are usually dried using fluidized bed or air flow drying in continuous settings, and intermittent fluidized beds or vacuum stirring dryers for small batches.
For styling materials, tunnel dryers and flat-flow trolleys are ideal for large-scale continuous drying, while box dryers are more suitable for small batches. When it comes to coatings and coating fluids, infrared dryers and spray fluidized bed dryers are commonly used in large-scale production, while multiple drum dryers are preferred for smaller quantities. Each drying method must be carefully selected based on the material properties, production volume, and desired outcome.
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